REPORTED SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH

Reported speech is used when written or spoken words are repeated by someone else. (It is normally employed in conversation and newspapers). When Direct Speech is changed into Reported Speech a certain number of changes are necessary but, when the introducing verb is in the Present Perfect or Future tense, the verbs in Reported Speech do not change their tense.
Reported Speech is not put in inverted commas, and a colon or comma is not placed after the introducing verb.

The structure of a reported sentence would be as follows

Subject + Introducing Verb + Nexus + REPORTED SENTENCE
(Always in the PAST) (Void / That / If / Whether / Wh-?)

Changes when the Introducing Verb is in the PAST tense:

1) TENSE:

DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH

Present Simple
Past Simple
She said: 'It is five o'clock'
She said that it was five o'clock

Present Simple Continuous
Past Simple Continuous
He said: 'I'm washing my car'
He said that he was washing his car

Present Perfect / Past Simple
Past Perfect Simple
He told his wife: 'I've cleaned the window and washed the floor'
He told his wife that he had cleaned the window and had washed the floor

Present Perfect Continuous/ Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
They stated: 'we have been studying so we were improving'
They stated that they had been studying so they had been improving

Future Simple (Will / Shall)
Conditional Simple (Would)
She suggested: 'I'll see you tomorrow'
She suggested that she would see him the following day

Future Simple Continuous
Conditional Simple Continuous
They thought: 'it will be raining tomorrow'
They thought that it would be raining the next day

Future Simple (Going to) ------- It is considered a Present Simple Continuous
He commented: 'I'm going to use my car'
He commented that he was going to use his car




2) PRONOUNS and POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES:

DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH

FIRST person
THIRD person
The worker said: 'I can't build the house'
The worker said that he couldn't build the house

* If the worker were reporting his own words pronouns and possessive adjectives wouldn't change: I said that I couldn't build the house

SECOND person
FIRST (Singular / Plural) or THIRD person
The director said: 'You are right'
The director told me I was right
The director told us we were right
The director told them they were right


3) WORDS and PHRASES (often adverbials related to time or place):

DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH

TIME

Today
That day / The same day

Yesterday
The day before / The previous day / The last day

Last day, week, month …
The day, week, month …. before
The previous / last day, week, month…

The day before yesterday
Two days before

Tomorrow
The day after / The following day / The next day

Next day, week, month …
The day, week, month …. after
The following / next day, week, month…

The day after tomorrow
In two days' time

Ago
Before / Previous / Previously

PLACE

This / These (determiners)
That / Those (THE)

This / These (pronouns)
It / Them

Here
There / In that place

* Verbs which do NOT change in Reported Speech:

DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH

Improbable Conditional (TYPE 2):
He said: 'If I had more money, I would produce more'
He said that if he had more money he would produce more

Verbs always in the past tense (the imagined form after WISH, WOULD RATHER, AS IF, AS THOUGH, IT'S TIME… :
He told her: 'I wish the radios were better'
He told her that he wished the radios were better

SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER, MIGHT, USED TO, COULD, MUST (Except when signifying obligation, that is, when Will / Would HAVE TO or HAD TO can be used):
He thought: 'The weather might be fine later'
He thought that the weather might be fine later

* If CAN (Ability) or MUST (Obligation) are employed, they change in the Reported Speech into COULD and HAD TO

* QUESTIONS in Reported Speech:

DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH

Beginning with Interrogative Pronouns (Question Words) WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHY, WHEN… :
The reported question is written as a statement and the subject is placed before the verb; no question mark is necessary. When the verb To BE is used, it is placed at the end of the sentence in Reported Speech:

'Where does she live?', he asked
He asked where she lived
'When is the match next week?', she asked
She asked when the match the following week was

Beginning with AUXILIARIES or INTERROGATIVE FORMS of the verbs:
The reported question is written as a statement, the subject is placed before the verb and IF or WHETHER is placed after the introducing verb; no question mark is necessary:

'Does she live in London?', he wondered
He wondered if / whether she lived in London
'Can I use a pencil?', asked the student
The student asked if / whether he could use a pencil

* Other verbs of reporting questions are: ASK, WONDER, INQUIRE, DEMAND, WANT TO KNOW, QUESTION…

* COMMANDS in Reported Speech:

DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH

The Imperative of the Direct command is changed into the INFINITIVE in a Reported Command, the person addressed must be included after the introducing verb, and verbs of Command or Request have to be used as introducing verbs (TELL, COMMAND, BEG, ORDER, REMIND, WARN, RECOMMEND, ADVISE…). No exclamation mark is necessary.

'Sit down and keep quiet', the director said
The director ordered us to sit down and be quiet

If a negative command is given, in the Reported Speech it is represented by NOT + INFINITIVE.

The teacher told us: 'Don't forget your homework'
The teacher warned us not to forget our homework

* EXCLAMATIONS in Reported Speech:

DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH

Exclamations are change into STATEMENTS in the Reported Speech. No exclamation mark is necessary, but we need special introducing verbs to report the sense.

'What a lovely day!' she said
She exclaimed (that) it was a lovely day

* Many exclamations are left out in reported Speech, what is important is to report the sense:

'Oh dear, I'm broke', said the banker
Sighing and crying the banker remarked (that) he was broke

PROJECTS 2011: 3º ESO 'IRREGULAR VERBS' IES LAS AGUAS - SEVILLA

Projects made by Marta de la Peña, María Muñoz, Ángeles Aranda and Cynthia Castel on Irregular Verbs

PROJECTS 2011: 4º ESO 'IRREGULAR VERBS' IES LAS AGUAS - SEVILLA

Projects made by Victoria Barba, Carolina S González, Dolores Boza and Cristina Bravo on Irregular Verbs

PRESENT SIMPLE CONTINUOUS

PRESENT SIMPLE CONTINUOUS

SUBJECT + AM / ARE / IS + VERB-ing + (Complements)

STATEMENT
You are listening to the radio
He is coming from school by car
You are being an animal

NEGATION
You are not listening to the radio
He is not coming from school by car
You are not being an animal

INTERROGATION
Are you listening to the radio?
Is he coming from school by car?
Are you being an animal?

TIME EXPRESSIONS: (If placed at the beginning, separated by commas)

• NOW / RIGHT NOW
• AT THE MOMENT
• TODAY
• THIS DAY, WEEK, MONTH, YEAR, … CENTURY
• THESE DAYS, WEEKS, MONTHS, YEARS, … CENTURIES

USES:

• An action happening now: I am phoning from a call-box
• A temporary activity: She is watching a movie on TV
• Future arrangement: Peter is leaving tomorrow
• Simultaneous actions in the present: I am listening to the radio while I am having a bath
• With ALWAYS to show annoyance (irritation) or surprise: She is always laughing


STATIVE VERBS:

• They cannot be used in the progressive form
• They are used to express feelings, likes and dislikes, possession and mental activities:

- LOVE, HATE, WANT
- LIKE, DISLIKE
- OWN, HAVE GOT
- THINK, REMEMBER, KNOW, UNDERSTAND, BELIEVE

MODAL AUXILIARIES: SHOULD

MODAL AUXILIARIES

SHOULD

• To give advice:
You shouldn’t go out. It’s raining

• To express obligation:
Everyone should see a dentist regularly

• To express criticism:
He shouldn’t have said such nonsense

• In questions, to know if it is compulsory (If we are obliged or not):
Should we pay now?
When should we leave?
What should I wear?

MODAL AUXILIARIES: MUST

MODAL AUXILIARIES

MUST

• To express obligation or strong necessity (as well as HAVE TO or NEED TO):
We must take the bus now. We must use the computer for the project

• To give advice:
You mustn’t give up. She must take an umbrella because it is raining

• To make deductions (HIGH PROBABILITY):
He must be my father. They must be home by now


* The NEGATIVE of Must is constructed with:

DON’T HAVE TO (haven’t is NOT employed) She doesn’t have to study. I didn’t have to tidy my room up yesterday
DON’T NEED TO / NEEDN’T (TO is not employed) He doesn’t need to stay longer. On Sundays, I don’t need to get up early. It needn’t be big but has a garden (not ‘s’ required)


MUSTN’T

• To express strong prohibition (it doesn’t mean lack of obligation or necessity):
We mustn’t use the station all day. You mustn’t smoke in class. Under 18 mustn’t drink spirits


MUST versus HAVE TO

There is a slight difference when employing Must and HAVE TO:

- MUST is employed by authorities (Teachers, Parents, Doctors, Police…):
You must study. You must clean your room. You must stay in bed. You must tell us the truth

- HAVE TO is employed by everybody:
I have to study now. She has to give up her boyfriend. They have to sell the house

MODAL AUXILIARIES: CHARACTERISTICS

MODAL AUXILIARIES


• No “s” ending in the 3rd singular present person: She can go
• Questions and negations without DO: Can she go? She cannot go
• Always followed by infinitive WITHOUT to: We can sleep now
• Never two modals together
• No infinitive
• No participle, neither present participle or past participle
• No imperative


MODAL:
CAN / COULD
SHALL / SHOULD
WILL / WOULD
MUST / MAY / MIGHT / OUGHT TO


SEMI-MODAL:
USED TO / NEED TO / HAVE TO / DARE TO


MARGINAL:
HAD BETTER / WOULD RATHER / TEND TO


LESS Formal.............................................................MORE Formal
HIGH Possibility........................................................LOW Possibility

MUST–WILL–WOULD–OUGHT TO–SHOULD–CAN–COULD–MAY-MIGHT